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如何用英文描述专利权的保护对象？

Patent rights are a form of intellectual property protection that grants inventors exclusive rights to their inventions. These rights are designed to incentivize innovation and creativity by ensuring that inventors can reap the benefits of their hard work and investment. In this article, we will delve into the protection objects of patent rights, exploring the various aspects that are safeguarded under this legal framework.

First and foremost, the primary protection object of patent rights is the invention itself. An invention refers to a new, useful, and non-obvious solution to a problem or a new way of doing something. This can encompass a wide range of creations, such as products, processes, or compositions of matter. To qualify for patent protection, an invention must meet certain criteria, including novelty, utility, and non-obviousness.

Novelty: An invention is considered novel if it is new and has not been previously disclosed in the public domain. This means that the invention must be something that has not been previously known or used by others. The novelty requirement ensures that inventors are rewarded for their original contributions to the field.
Utility: An invention must have a specific, substantial, and credible utility. This means that the invention must be capable of being used or put into practical application. The utility requirement ensures that the invention has a real-world benefit and is not merely theoretical.
Non-obviousness: An invention is considered non-obvious if, at the time of its creation, it would not have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the relevant field. This requirement ensures that the invention is sufficiently innovative and does not merely represent an incremental improvement on existing technology.

Once an invention meets these criteria, it can be protected under patent law. The protection extends to various aspects of the invention, including:

The invention itself: The patent holder has the exclusive right to make, use, sell, offer for sale, or import the patented invention. This means that others cannot engage in these activities without the patent holder's permission.
Derivative works: The patent holder also has the exclusive right to create and use derivative works based on the patented invention. For example, if someone wants to modify the patented invention to create a new product, they would need the patent holder's permission.
Licensing: The patent holder can choose to license their patent rights to others, allowing them to use the invention in exchange for royalties or other compensation. This can be a lucrative way for inventors to monetize their creations.
Enforcement: If someone infringes on the patent holder's rights, they can take legal action to enforce their patent. This may involve filing a lawsuit against the infringer and seeking damages or an injunction to stop the infringement.

It is important to note that patent protection does not extend to all aspects of an invention. Some elements may be excluded from patent protection, such as:

Aesthetic designs: While aesthetic designs can be protected under design patents, they are not eligible for utility patents. This means that purely ornamental or decorative aspects of an invention may not be protected.
Abstract ideas: Abstract ideas, such as mathematical formulas or methods of doing business, are generally not eligible for patent protection. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that abstract ideas must be applied in a tangible, useful way to be patentable.
Laws of nature, natural phenomena, and natural products: These are considered to be part of the public domain and are not eligible for patent protection. For example, a new strain of a plant or a naturally occurring compound may not be patentable.
Discoveries: Discoveries of existing substances or phenomena are not patentable. However, if the discovery is made in a new, unexpected, and useful way, it may be eligible for patent protection.

In conclusion, patent rights protect a wide range of inventions, including products, processes, and compositions of matter. The protection extends to various aspects of the invention, such as the invention itself, derivative works, and licensing. However, patent protection is not absolute and does not cover all aspects of an invention. Understanding the protection objects of patent rights is crucial for inventors and businesses seeking to protect their intellectual property and encourage innovation.